Case Study Toyota Motor Company Essay - 2268 Words

Case study one: Toyota Motor Company 2.1 Toyota motor company was started when a famous Japanese loom inventor Sakichi Toyoda (1867-1930), wanted to produce motor vehicles (Nayebpur, 2007). The need for such enterprise arose because of the destruction of Tokyo’s street cars and trains in the 1923 Kanto earthquake. He gave this idea to his son Kiichiro Toyada (1894-1952), who was a mechanical engineer and provided him initial fund to experiment with automobile manufacturing. As a result, Toyota launched in first passenger car A1 in 1936 which surpassed the sales of General motors and ford in the Japanese market (Spear, 1999). Toyota’s culture is steeped in tradition (Takeuchi, 2008) and its strengths were observed as follows: 1. Crisis management in Toyota was developed by keeping in mind that Toyota’s leadership in automobile industry is never safe. 2. Community management is maintained within the Toyoda family 3. Anything that is good for Toyota is taken in and assimilated by the management. 4. Even though the management is run by the family, decisions are taken by involving everyone. 5. Constant training of people and retaining them along with efficient use of resources. 2.2 Toyota is an industry leader in automobiles and is well known for its innovation and excellence in manufacturing through Toyota production systems. But the basics of it innovation is founded by its founder Toyoda’s five values (Nayebpour, 2007): 1. Contribute to the company by being faithful to theShow MoreRelatedasucar738 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Genesee Community College Batavia NY Case #1 Eric J Villalobos BUS 214 Mrs. Paisley Case #1 - TO PAY OR NOT TO PAY? Toyota A. 65 years ago , in 1937 , Toyota Motor Corporation was founded first as a subsidiary of Toyota Automatic Works, one of the largest manufacturers of knitting machines led by the King of Inventions Sakichi Toyoda . 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According to 911 tape recording, the officer final word was for the family to hold on and pray asRead MoreToyotas Recommendation Response At The Worlds Largest Automobile Manufacturer1566 Words   |  7 PagesQ3: Toyota s recommended response to Volkswagen s ambition of becoming the world s largest automobile manufacturer, based on the analysis of current market trends, would be to somewhat disregard them, rather they should focus on developing their own competitive advantages that allowed them to achieve the title of market leader. Volkswagen plans to grow in Chinese and Indian markets (De Moraes, 2016). They also aim to double sales in America by 2018 (Kresge and Weiss, 2015), by following theirRead MoreToyota Case Study Essays985 Words   |  4 PagesToyota case study Introduction This case study examines the corporate communication in Toyota 2010 Global Vision programme. 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Schizophrenia Case Study And Early Onset Signs - 1151 Words

Steven Quinn Dr. Carlin Cognitive Disabilities 12/6/15 Schizophrenia Case Study and Early Onset Signs Experts agree that Schizophrenia is a syndrome with signs and symptoms that are thought to co-occur in ways that distinguish it from other syndromes and from normal thoughts and behaviors. Schizophrenia can also be defined as a psychotic disorder with, impairments in reality, disturbances of perception and thought experienced as hallucinations, delusions, hearing voices, seeing things that are not there, and paranoia. Its onset usually starts in a person’s late teens to early twenties, and it affects about one percent of the global population. Its causes are unknown but experts are learning more and more about it every day. To contain†¦show more content†¦These symptoms have been categorized into physical, emotional, and cognitive issues. Some physical symptoms of this disorder are exhibiting a blank, emotionless facial expression. This inability to smile or express emotions throughout your face is a very important early sign of this disease, and was given the name affective flattening. Some other physical symptoms are overly acute senses, deep staring with no stimulus, impaired motor skills, involuntary movements, altered walking habits, unusual gestures, and overall slowed or sped up movements. Emotional symptoms are sometimes harder to identify, but have been observed as the inability to experience pleasure, irritability, depression, low motivation, hypersensitivity, suicidal thoughts, and sometimes severe anxiety. As if the previous symptoms weren’t harmful enough, there are many cognitive problems associated with schizophrenia. These can include roaming thoughts, incoherent thoughts and ideas, directionless motivation, trouble reading social cues, poor concentration and memory, and nonsensical logic. There ae many other pertinent symptoms associated with schizophrenia, but the list, unfortunately, goes on and on, and shows a direct impact on the working memory of individuals effected by this disorder. While the disorder is taking its course, the person that has it will become out-casted and choose to deviate from

Hotel and Apex Chandigarh free essay sample

The project report is based on my working (as a intern) in Front office, Housekeeping and cover all the aspects of front office and housekeeping and their functioning. [pic] Welcome to THE APEX CHANDIGARH (Company profile) THE APEX CHANDIGARH is Spanish for ‘beautiful view’. The glowing icon of elegant CHANDIGARH offers a tranquil yet suave stay for those who yearn for it. Cosseted by the stunning Shivaliks, the couture hotel upholds her name that gets word by word translated as â€Å"beautiful view†. Indulge in the charms of impeccable luxury offered by the most benevolent host in CHANDIGARH . At, get ready to be carried away by the gambol of opulence attributed by restful hues, rich silks, swaged velvets, ornate drapery and cozy beds. The APEX is the best-located luxury hotel in the city of CHANDIGARH with 49 rooms with extensive food and beverages/ banqueting and conference facilities. [pic] Location Advantage: The APEX GRAND is the best-located luxury hotel in the city of CHANDIGARH . Check in as a leisure tourist or as a business traveler at the hotel, either ways you have only advantages. Located at just a stone’s throw away from the city’s railway terminus, the boutique hotel is a great advantage to those who choose to fly in to the metropolis. Call GRAND as a CHANDIGARH Highway hotel because it is conveniently located at the convergence of plap- CHANDIGARH highway in the heart of CHANDIGARH city centre. [pic] Organizational Hierarchy [pic] [pic] GUEST ROOMS: THE APEX CHANDIGARH is the best-located luxury hotel in the city of CHANDIGARH with 49 rooms including Deluxe 29, Premium 7, Pool side premium 6, Pool /Jacuzzi suite 4, Presidential suite 2. 1) DELUXE ROOMS: [pic] Accommodation in CHANDIGARH attains superlative standards with THE APEX CHANDIGARH . The enticing features that constitute the warmth and dedication of THE APEX CHANDIGARH give it an unbeatable address among CHANDIGARH Hotels. The search for a stay with the charming boutique hotel located in the heart of CHANDIGARH city starts with the deluxe room. The deluxe rooms adroitly balance award-winning designs with the distinctive touch of Mother Nature to result in a hearty relation between the host and guest. Out of the 29 deluxe rooms, 8 offer twin beds while the rest 22 come with double beds. Each air conditioned rooms feature style and convenience which are ensured by people who take care of even the tiniest of your needs. A comfortable room with pleasant surroundings: this is what has made the deluxe a favorite among our elite guests. Each of the 27 square meters rooms showcases king size / twin sharing beds, LCD TV (32† / 42†), Mini bar, internet access, tea / coffee maker, electronic safe and shower cubicle / bathtub endowing you with the best provisos of an elegant stay. [pic] 2) PREMIUM WITH BALCONY /TERRACE: [pic] When you are with THE APEX CHANDIGARH , you do not stay in a premium room, you experience it! Each of the 8 rooms is comfortable, elegantly designed, air-conditioned with extras such as flat screen TV, luxurious linen, gleaming bathrooms that can offer you invigorating rain showers, fluffy towels and mirrors. Open these generously spaced rooms into the luxury of a balcony that bestows a breath-taking view of the Shivalik Hills. Overlooking the pool-deck, the premium rooms feature every essential amenity that accompanies a plush stay. Furthering on the deluxe facilities like LCD TV, mini bar, internet access, coffee maker, and electronic safe, you get to treat yourself with the soothing strokes of nature. The 44 square meters room delivers an accommodation in CHANDIGARH which is high on style. Enjoy the luxury of a desk if one of those creative writing skills spell seizes you when you respite in the lap of luxury. Nibble on a chocolate or sip a coke from the fridge as you delight in the visual feast endowed by the Shivalik hills during the day or the city lights at night. 3) PREMIUM WITH ACCESS TO POOL [pic] [pic] Relish your solitude with a private pool. Lounge by it after cool dips and enjoy the picturesque Shivaliks. The luxury room with access to a plunge pool displays intricate decor and superlative amenities that allow you to indulge in lavishness. Reinvigorate your senses utilizing the superior attributes that characterize the rooms like the pool or a mini-bar. It is not just about finding yourself; it is also about treating yourself with a break that you have always wanted from your hectic schedule. The 6 stylish premium rooms with access to a plunge pool come with a generous space of 44 square meters. Avail all the glamour you would like to have when you pay without questions. Interior decorations that are appealing even to the finickiest of guests make the rooms a crowning glory for the hotel. When you stay in these rooms, you spoil yourself with indulgence and exclusiveness. One thing the guests of THE APEX CHANDIGARH can be assured of is that the hotel never rests on its laurels but evolves constantly. This unique factor makes it a soaring name among the hotels in CHANDIGARH . Owing to its key position in the busy CHANDIGARH city center, THE APEX CHANDIGARH is hailed as one of the best located accommodations in the urban centre. This splendid hotel is always lauded for imparting lively, innovative and relevant accommodation in CHANDIGARH . 4)POOL SUITE/JUCUZZI SUITE : [pic] Tastefully designed for the romantically disposed, the pool suites delight you with their idyllic and tender ambiance. Measuring around 60 square meters, the rooms offer you an exclusivity that you dearly want. Get ready to spoil yourself in the classically inspired decors of the suites that are bestowed with the elite of attributes that include a swimming pool too. [pic] ool suites seduce you right from the moment you step into them with their fresh and contemporary interiors. You secure the finest terms of luxury in here that can bless you with a plunge pool and Jacuzzi within the room along with a LCD TV, mini-bar, internet access, tea / coffee maker, iPod dock and an electronic safe . The glorious opulence of the suites is taken to a sublime level with these first-rate amenities that are inevitable for a hearty stay. The finest aspect of your choosing a pool suite rests with the Jacuzzi and the pool. Enjoy the refreshing treat of a Jacuzzi in the splendor of a glinting bathroom or delight in the lavishness offered by a swimming pool, all for you. ) PRESIDENTIAL SUITE: [pic] We know the exact things you are looking for while choosing a presidential room. Designed a cut above your grandest expectations, the suites offer you unmatched comforts and conveniences. A private deck to enjoy the sun, a lounge to entertain your guests, a Jacuzzi to reinvigorate yourself, a treadmill to stay in shape and a splendid view of the hills and city-lights; THE APEX CHANDIGARH ’s presidential suites are impeccable epitomes of rooms that can envelop you with fulfilling luxury. Sumptuous luxury and comforts await you at these chic rooms that showcase ornate furniture, grand d rapery, rich silks and soporifically colored walls. The extravagance of a private terrace allows you to bask in the sun beholding a picturesque panorama of the beautiful Shivalik hills. Lighten yourself chit-chatting with your guests in the spacious lounge. [pic] FACILITIES: [pic] Avail it all when you are with THE APEX CHANDIGARH . The tiniest of your travel needs are taken care of by us. Repose in the lounge or get rejuvenated by a spa or a swim. Do not miss out on your fitness regimen while travelling; work out to your wish in the fully-equipped gymnasium or trot along the jogging path in vicinity. Secure the most attentive and personalized care if you are a person with special needs. Remain qualm-free about your laundry and baggage just as you are carefree about everything else. BUSINESS SUPPORT: [pic] Audio-visual equipment. Business center. Board room/meeting room. Wireless internet access in public area. [pic] COMFORT AND CONVENIENCE: [pic] Baggage storage. Concierge desk. Travel desk. Laundry service. Lounge (operating shortly) Facilities for people with special needs. Safety and security arrangements. FITNESS AND RECREATION: [pic] Swimming pool. Spa. Well equipped gym. Jogging path in vicinity. [pic] FOOD AND BEVERAGE: Sumptuously Western, the Serenade [pic] The best of lip-smacking continental cuisines awaits you at the serenade. We promise a life-time culinary experience that allows you to savor everything nouvelle to haute of the Western platter. Enjoy Al-fresco dining in the beautiful pool deck of the bistro that offers all- day dining to the connoisseurs of food. To satisfy the foodies in our guests is the primary motive of this elegant hotel. Along with the far-fetched experience of dining in CHANDIGARH , you will also get an opportunity to delve into a Coffee Shop and have the best of your times with hot beverages that have mesmerized the world. This captivating cafeteria is situated at Level 4 with a capacity to accommodate 48 people under a charming ceiling and 24 on the deck in particular. You cannot escape the temptation of bagging a stay at the THE APEX CHANDIGARH , for the Serenade is not only about western dining but also is a delighting in sumptuous Indian Cuisines. If you are in CHANDIGARH , this is the place you should look forward for the perfect outdoor dining paired with chaise lounge, gorgeous crockery, perfect sectional seating area or a beautiful place for a cozy chit chat. The Serenade offers you a wide spectrum of luscious and savory flavors to tempt your palate. Come to The THE APEX CHANDIGARH , have the involvement with divine cuisines and make merry! [pic] SAVOR PAN-ASIAN CUISINES AND BREWS, THE APEX ASIA â€Å"The only way to get rid of temptation is to yield to it†. Give away yourself to the sumptuous treats offered here through countless Pan-Asian delicacies, uplifting spirits and mouth-watering gelatos. In Bella Asia, you can resist everything but temptation. [pic] If you are one of those fun-loving souls who look for a bar in CHANDIGARH , you choose the perfect place for sheer entertainment at the Briobar newly named as Bella Asia. Cater to your enthusiasm for a 360 degree view of thriving nightlife of CHANDIGARH . You can find the flawless night club atmosphere at this place and get familiar with the supreme fun of nightlife and clubs in CHANDIGARH . It offers you appetizing food and drinks in a wide range that enables you to be on highest of your spirits. You cannot do away with the fascination of varied palates offered here along with the life-time experience of the rocking nightlife. While you are here in CHANDIGARH , don’t miss a chance to gift yourself an experience that you always deserved. Stay at the THE APEX CHANDIGARH and spoil yourself with the matchless pleasure of dining in CHANDIGARH FLORENCE AND SIENA (banquet and meeting) The Banquet facility includes two Halls (Florence and Siena) with a capacity of 350 persons for cocktails / receptions, or 200 persons in theatre style seating. The pre-function area opens to a beautiful outdoor terrace that adds to the charm of the event. [pic] Front office: The front office is the nerve center of a hotel property. Communication and accounting are two of the most important operations in the front office desk operations . Effective communications with guests, employees and other departments of the hotel-are paramount in projecting a hospitality image, answering guest inquiries about the hotel services and other guests, marketing and sales departments requests for information on guest room availability , housekeeping department inquiries concerning guest reservations are but a few of the routine tasks performed almost constantly by a hotel front desk in its role in communications hub. Accounting procedures involving charges to registered and non-registered hotel guests accounts are also very important in the hospitality field. Itemized charges are necessary to show the breakdown of charges if a guest questions a bill. [pic] [pic] House keeping: The housekeeping department in the hotel is responsible for the cleanliness, maintenance and aesthetic upkeep of the entire property from the entrance area to the farthest basement of the hotel. The prosperity of the hotel is on giving it continues patronage not only because of this attractive advertisements and expensive decor . It is the care shown in locking after the smallest detail of cleanliness, promptness of service and cheerful staff that remains as a memory of a fine hotel and which ensures its flourishing business. Food And Beverage: Food and beverage control is a must in every catering establishment, which wants to run it in a very organized manner. Food and Beverage control helps regulate the cost, pilferage etc. Without it the revenue of the establishment cannot be kept in check. The cost of food and beverage in a commercial sector is usually within the range of 40% of the total operating cost. The food and beverage controls all the functioning through food cost control and portion control. The FB department is divided into FB Production and FB Service. [pic] F B PRODUCTION ORGANISATIONAL CHART [pic] [pic] F B SERVICE ORGANISATIONAL CHART [pic] [pic] Kitchen stewarding: This department is there to deal with upkeep of the cleanliness of all the back areas: the stewarding takes care of all service areas of the hotel. Service areas where guests interference is absolutely nil and these areas are used only by the hotel stuff . The main work done by the department is wiping the floors of all service areas , washing cutlery and crockery of all the restaurants , electroplating the silverware, etc. Hr Department: Personnel management is a general term that means the total function of recruitment, selection, development and utilization of the employees, executives as well as rank and file workers. It is a part of general management which is concerned with the people at work. This department assists within the acquisition, development and retention of human resources necessary for the organization. Training Department: Training department is also a part of the Personnel department only. The personnel department has a separate training manager for the training department or sometimes the personnel management himself is the training manager. In this department the students from different catering institutes, graduates, trainees, and management trainees are given training in the hotels in its various departments. [pic] [pic] [pic] Purchase, Receiving And Stores: Purchase department is the responsible for the entire purchase of the hotel. Accounts and finance: This department keeps track of all the money transactions of all the hotel. The uniform system of accounting is followed in the respect to the hotel income. The accounts and finance department do analyzing all the accounting activities that are planning, budgeting. It is also responsible for preparing financial reports with regard to income and expenditure. Engineering Maintenance: The members of engineering department perform their jobs almost entirely behind the scenes. This department is of great importance to both the operation and the profits of the hotel. Power and lighting expenses are a major cost of operation and maintenance problems could produce serious revenue losses if guests are neglected. This department takes care of the repairs and the maintenance work to be done in all the areas. Different activities undertaken by this department are: 1) Electrical lighting system 2) Plumbing system 3) Heating and ventilation 4) General building maintenance and repair 5) Maintenance of exterior grounds 6) Fire fighting (initial stages) [pic] Security: The security department, through, not related to the hotel in its functional aspects, is very important for the image of the hotel. When a guest is staying in a hotel there are possibilities of theft, murder, vandalism or any other unwanted happenings. The management is responsible for the security of the guests and their belongings till the time he has checked out of the hotel. IT Department: M. I. S refers to that information which is given to the managers for them to be able to smoothly run a hotel. This process of MIS is divided into- Collecting data Identifying important information Presenting the information. The processed information is given to the managers executive, there are several reports, which are standardized as requested especially office reports their proposals for the use of operational areas in the hotel. SALES AND PR MARKETING COMMUNICATIONS: This department deals with the selling of rooms, banquets, FB outlets. There are different teams that go to different corporate offices. Also there are different segments that are targeted. There is corporate sales team, travel agents sales team, banquet sales team. The PR MARKETING Communication department is responsible for the handling of events that happens in the hotel and the advertisements of the hotel. [pic] REPORTS IN VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS: FRONT OFFICE: The daily room occupancy room status reports the number of rooms sold on the previous day. It also gives today ‘check-in’ ‘check-out’ details. Market segment analysis- analysis of occupancy customer segmentation (F. O sales marketing). Guest ledger outstanding – dues from stay on guest who hasn’t yet paid, on expense of prescribed amount (F. O. M) Daily weekly reports daily weekly renewal of actual income against budget for all areas of the hotel. Arrival departure register. Room shifting register. Left luggage receipt book. Log book. Flash report-details of income occupancy. HOUSE KEEPING: Linen exchange registers. [pic] Attendance registers. Flower indent sheet. Laundry registers. Daily linen exchange sheet. FOOD BEVERAGE PRODUCTION: Kitchen order ticket. Purchase indents sheets. Monthly F B cost reports. FOOD BEVERAGE SERVICE: Sales summary. Banquet sheets. Banquet outstanding reports. PURCHASE AND STORES: Purchase Order. General order. Special order. [pic] ACCOUNTS FINANCES: Credit cards business report- details of credit turnover. Foreign exchange earnings. Expenditure tax report. Cash flow statement. Room sales cash discrepancies. Cashier summary sheet. [pic] ISSUES CHALLENGES FOR HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY ) Shortage of skilled employees: one of the greatest challenges plaguing the hospitality industry is the unavailability of quality workforce in different skill levels. 2) Retaining quality workforce: retention of the workforce through training and development in the hotel industry is a problem and attrition levels are too high. One of the reasons for this is unattractive wage packages. Though there is a boom in the service sector, most of the hotel management graduates are joining other sectors like retail and aviation. 3) Intense competition and image of India: the industry is witnessing heightened competition with the arrival of new players, new products and new systems. The competition from neighboring countries and negative perceptions about India tourism product constrains the growth of tourism. The image of India as a country overrun by poverty, political instability, safety concerns and diseases also harms the tourism industry. 4) Customer expectations: As India is emerging as a destination on the global travel map, expectations of customers are rising, the companies have to focus on customer loyalty and repeat purchases. 5) Human Recourse development: some of the services required in the tourism industry in the tourism and hotel industries are highly personalized. And no amount of automation can substitute for personal service providers. India is focusing more on white collar jobs than blue collar jobs. The shortage of blue collar employees will pose various threats to the industry. [pic] RECOMMENDATIONS: Recommendations to THE APEX CHANDIGARH : ) Tie-ups with institutions: Industry should constitute necessary tie-up arrangement for their required best human resources with one or two nearby hospitality institutions. 2) Continuous training: There is a need of continuous tr aining to all categories of employees in the organization. when they have a tie-up with institutes , the institutes will offer in –house training to different category of employees from time to time to update their skills. 3) Sponsoring: It is the duty of the industry to sponsor some amount /equipment to the institute for their betterment . if possible the sponsor a chair for continuous funding and research for that institute. 4) Research: Every institute must spend some amount for the research which is essential for further development and understand the present situation. The industry should involve in the researchers by providing timely information and data which is ultimately useful for them only. [pic] ANALYSIS AND RESULTS OF THE CASE: During the process of framing the advertising policies we came across certain drawbacks in the method of sale promotion and advertising. those critical points are as follows: ANALYSIS: 1) The company was unable to create an impression in the mind of target customers due to lack of planning in implementation of proper advertising methods. 2) The hotel was not interested in putting a large amount on electronic media and print media for advertisements. RESULTS: ) The advertising methods were improved and investment was made open heartedly by the company to increase sales and create a brand image. 2) The company got good tourism response. 3) It came into neck to neck competition with it s worthy opponents. [pic] Conclusion: Hotel industry is a phenomenon growing and developing with a boom and has become a major industry. This is one of the virtues of being the guest fortune earner and an employment intensive industry. It is estimated that 60-70% of money spent by the tourists goes on boarding and lodging on an average. The hotel industry is undergoing tremendous change with respect to management, service; marketing etc. the management is becoming totally professional with innovative thinking in administration of hotel functions. This project has been prepared , after a training of three months at THE APEX CHANDIGARH , CHANDIGARH . the project includes profiles of the hotels and looks into details of various departments. the project’s objective is to understand all the operational expenses of the hotel. the understanding has only been achieved after training in each department. the front office department ,which is the nerve center of the hotel, is the first point of guest conversation with the hotel. it deals with the functions like reservation , checkin /checkout,cashier service, etc. The housekeeping dept. helps in cleaning and maintenance of all the public and guest areas. the F B dept. as been divided into service and production. The service dept. takes care of banquets, room service and the restaurants . this is one of the major revenue generating departments of the hotel. the production dept. controls the kitchen and supplies food to the guest as well as to the staff. The sales and marketing dep t. that are the main source of getting the corporate bookings and penetrating into the market. The marketing communication dept. is responsible for the advertisements that is the overall image of the hotel as what information has to go out and how is it to be represented. Other than four major departments of the hotel, there are mainly ancillary dept. n the hotel, which coordinates with each other for the smooth functioning of the hotel. They all have major roles to be played in everyday life of the hotel operations. thus on the whole it can be said that project has covered all the major and functional points of the hotel. An overall study for operation of all departments of Hotel THE APEX (2013) Submitted to Punjab Technical University As partial fulfillment of the Bachelors in Airlines, Tourism, Hospitality Session 2010-2013 FO MANAGER ASST. FO MANAGER MANAMMMMANAGER RES. MANAGER GUEST RELATION MANAGER ASST MANAGER RESERVATIONNN DUTY MANAGER BUSINESS CENTER MANAGER HEAD CONCIERGE CONCIERGE BUSINESS CENTER EXE. GUEST RELATION EXE. RESERVATIONEXE. FO EXECUTIVE AIRPORT REPS. FO SUPERVISOR BELL CAPTAIN SHIFT INCHARGE SECRETARY RESERVATION ASST. F O A BELL BOYS DRIVERS TRAINEES TRAINEE APPRENTICE TRAINEE CHAIRMAN MR. GURPREET SINGH M. D MR. INDERPREET SINGH V. P MR. JASKIRAT SINGH NAGRA HR MR. DIVJOT SINGH FO MANAGER MR. NAVEEN KANVAR F B MANAGER MR. MANINDER SINGH ASST. FB MANAGER MR. AMIT EXECUTIVE H. K MS. SAGUN EXECUTIVE CHEF MR. MANOHAR FINANCE MANAGER MR. MANISH MEHTA PURCHASE MANAGER MR. MOHAN CHIEF ENGINEER MR. GURPREET SINGH CHIEF SECURITY MR. DEVENDER SINGH IT MANAGER MR. RAHUL SHARMA FACILITY MANAGER MR. PRATEEK TOMAR ACCOUNTS MANAGER MR. HARISH

Create Products and Services Customers †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Create Products and Services Customers. Answer: Introduction A value proposition can be defined as a statement of all the offerings which a company gives to its customers for a price (Andreson, Narus and van Rossum 2006). This serves as a promise that the company will exceed the consumers expectations. The chosen company for the given report is Mc Donalds. Mc Donalds is one of the largest food chain brands in the globe. The company has its operations in almost all the countries in the globe. The company is a fast food company with restaurant facilities. The company started its operations in 1940 (Mcdonalds.com. 2018). The company serves around 69 million customers every day in over 120 countries. The chain is famous for the products like cheese burgers, chicken products, breakfast items, happy meals, French fries, deinks, wraps and shakes. Recently, it had received a backslash from the consumers regarding its health oriented products and it then added fish, smoothies, fruits and salads to its menu. The given report will elaborate on the customer perceived values for the customer of Mc. Donalds. It will also be comparing the value proposition of Mc Donald with Burger King and comparing with the appropriate value proposition that should be present. The last section will give details about an appropriate value proposition of the organization and suggest ways on their implementation (Baker and Saren 2016). The primary vision of the company is to become the most loved restaurant b all customer segments. They want to be highly valued by the customers and for their benefit they want to innovate new ways to conduct the business. Customer Perceived Value The customer perceived value of any brand can be described as the customer`s evaluation of all the benefits derived out of the products or offerings against the costs that have been incurred by them. According to Osterwalder et al. (2014), customer perceived value helps in an overall assessment of the different utilities of the product on the basis of their perceptions. The perception of the utility varies with respect to each individual but the general perception often remains the same. Some may value quantity over quality whereas some may have another view. None the less, a good offering will be successful in making the value better. The benefits refer to as the attributes of the product and its components are as follows: Quality Quantity Status Price Perceived Sacrifice refers to the costs involved of the customers which include the time spent, travelling cost and other relevant aspects which are non monetary. They are: Money spent Time spent Effort Psychic Cost (Coombes and Nicholson 2013). With respect to McDonalds the benefits which are associated with the perceived values are as follows: Price: The price of the various meals available is quite reasonable which is often liked by the different consumers. Quality: At Mc Donalds, the products sold are always flesh and various quality checks are conducted regularly (Kiel 2014). However, recently in many countries certain issues had arised with respect to the quality of the food. Status: Mc Donalds is deemed to be a family restaurant and enjoys a fair status whereby it is one of the mist visited restaurants. Convenience: Meals of all types are available in the restaurant and it is also pocket friendly. Therefore, many consumers like to purchase from the given restaurant (Johnson, Christensen and Kagermann 2008). The online facility which is available makes it easier for the customers to order at the convenience of their homes. Sacrifices associated with perceived value are: Money: The price which they are paying for the meals. Very often the consumers do not think that the meals are worth the price paid for it. In that case, the will not purchase the meal next time. Time: It is the time spent in billing for the meals purchased and the waiting time at the counter. Effort: This states the physical energy involved in the purchasing process and visiting the restaurant. Holbrook's typology of consumer perceived proposition Holbrook provides a well stated typology regarding the extrinsic value perception and intrinsic value perception. According to his theory, for Mc Donalds there will exist a higher extrinsic value as the customers mostly emphasize on the end result of their meals and how much it is capable of satisfying the hunger and taste of the consumers (Martello Landroguez, S., Barroso Castro and Cepeda-Carrin 2013). Secondly the self-oriented and other oriented aspect relates to the self orientation nature of the consumers as they tend to purchase the meal for themselves. Lastly, in the active versus reactive component, the restaurant customers are quite different from one another and belong to different cultures hence the restaurant needs to keep more customized products for the different customers in order to see to it that all of them are happy, however customers prefer reactive moves. The given framework helps to identify the key values present for the customers and it can be stated that in case of Mc Donalds, the customer value which is perceived is multidimensional and the customers give importance to efficiency and excellence (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2013). Mc Donalds Value Proposition Mc Donalds is highly focused on becoming one of the leading food chains in the world. The launch of the online ordering website has also given a boost to the e-commerce sales of the company which would further increase the base of the company. Mc Donalds applies various methods to keep their customers engaged and provide them valuable services. One of these primary methods is providing the concept of combo meals. If the meals are purchased separately then the charges are different whereas if they are ordering a combo they need to pay a very low price. The value proposition of Mc Donalds further includes: Convenient locations- Mc Donalds has its branches in more than 120 countries with each country having more than 200 outlets. Customers can find a Mc Donalds at every location. This is the reason the customers find Mc Donalds very suitable for their dining requirements. Good seating and in the house facilities- All the restaurants of the chain are well spaced out and can seat up to 150 people. It is kept clean at all times and also up-to-date with the latest equipments Fast service- Mc Donalds functions on a self service motto. However, the self service of Mc Donalds is very efficient and the waiting time for the customers in the queue is less than 5 minutes. Reasonable prices- The pricing of the different food items is quite reasonable. Even during surge demands, the price remains stable. Furthermore, they have offerings like that of a combo meal which provides the customers with more discounts (Kim and Mauborgne 2004). Customized and broad range of food options available- From breakfast to dinner, a wide range of food items are available at the customers disposal. Receiving a backslash from the people, it introduced a healthier menu as well. The value proposition of Mc Donald may range differently to serve the needs of the target markets .The wide range of food appeals to the family. The comfortable seating is better for those crowds who like to relax. The main advantage of Mc Donalds over its competitors is that it has the key aspects of a favorable location, facilities, service speed and distinctive products (Gronroos 2016). Mc Donalds understands the essence of value proposition and its importance in providing the customer a pride which attracts them to the brand. Mc Donalds has grown into the largest restaurant chain in the globe. The food chain represents excellent value for money along with good quality and fast service. Mc Donalds is perceived as one of the most reliable restaurants in the globe which creates value for the buyer in the following ways: Increasing the benefit with respect to cost Decreasing cost with respect to benefit Due to its good valuable goods and propositions the brand has been able to create immense brand loyalty and positive associations (Grnroos and Voima 2013). Value proposition Burger King Burger King is an American food chain company headquarter in Florida, the company was found in 1953 and has grown around becoming the fifth largest food chain companies in the globe (BURGER KING. 2018 ). The offerings made by Burger King include a wide variety of products like burger and related snack combos (Armstrong et al. 2015). The brand image of Burger King has been confusing lately. There exists strong brand recognition, the brand equity is unable to compare to that of Mc Donalds. Value proposition Low quality- There have been repeated customer complaints that, the quality of products of the Burger King is very law and the customers have stated that the products often smell foul. Comparable cost- The cost of Burger King is quite reasonable and comparable to that of the Mc Donalds brand. Burger King also offers a combo meal which can then be used for a tight budget. Poor service- The service of Burger King is not adequate. This may be because of the existence of irregular processes and slow employee service. The customers are often heard complaining about long queues and wrong orders (Wilson et al. 2016).The only different aspect of the food is the grilled taste which is good, but not worse the effort. Locations- Burger King is not located in various countries unlike Mc Donald. The market capture of Burger King is comparatively quite low. Illustration of a Value Proposition for the fast food sector Quality- Quality is the primary aspect of any organization and more critical in the food sector. Hence, the fast food chains like that of Mc Donalds and Burger King should see to it that the customers are provided with the best quality food and they do not have any issues. Application to Burger King and Mc Donald As analyzed from the above given analysis, Mc Donalds has been quite successful in providing the customers with good quality products (McDaniel and Gates 2013). However, this is not the case for Burger King and it has not been able to provide good quality products to its customers. Location- The fast food chain restaurants should be easily locatable for the customers. There should be a presence of a fast food restaurant at every corner. Application to Burger King and Mc Donald Although Mc Donalds is located at every corner in over hundreds of cities, the same is not the case of Burger King. Service- These restaurants function on a concept of Self- Service, and therefore it should be efficient and fast. Application to Burger King and Mc Donald Burger King has a poor service as compared to that of Mc Donalds. Variety of menus- Being a family chain restaurant, the menu option at the various restaurants should be very wide and customized for every region. Application to Burger King and Mc Donald Mc Donalds has been successful in this aspect whereas Burger King still has to reach that milestone of offering a wide range of options to the customers. Currently, the restaurant chain has a limited menu base. A new value proposition matching the value criteria of the customers As stated earlier, the customers have their own perception about the value that is being delivered to them. Some of the Value Criteria that consumers generally tend to use have been given below: The products that are being offered to the customers or the service requested should be of the best quality. Quality is one of the most valued criteria that the customers look for (Gummerus 2013). The services or the products that are to be offered to the customers should be of reasonable price. The customers tend o invest a lot of time and effort into their purchases and therefore the costs to be reasonable. Quantity The customers often tend to be materialistic and would like to be offered a product which has an adequate quantity and can be used sufficiently. Status- The consumers like to associate themselves with a brand that uplifts their social status and tends to give them pride and respect (Ardley 2006). Suggested Value Proposition The Suggested value proposition based on the given analysis and customer value proposition related to the food industry is stated using the concept of Eric Sink`s Value Proposing Model (McDonagh and Prothero 2014). The learned scholar had described that the benefits of the service and products should always be highlighted and highly visible in the eyes of the customer. Hence he suggested that the value proposition should be: Superlative- This aspect states the reason why the customers should be purchasing the given product. Label proof- The given aspect states the description of the offering made by the company Qualifying- The value proposition should be stating who is to purchase the given product Hence, the value proposition of a food chain should be: Looking out for healthy and reasonable meals? Mc Donalds offers a wide range of meal options for customer looking out for a happy meal! Explanation Therefore, through this value proposition, the company aims to offer the customers a product that is: Easy on the pocket- Through the above value proposition, the company states that the company is offering what the customers generally desire which is a pocket friendly product which will be enough to fulfill the huger and be reasonably priced as well. Good quality healthy items- By stating that the company intends to offer the consumers a healthy meal, the company is making sure that it fulfills the qualitative aspect of the customer proposition Matching with their health conscious status- Lastly, to match the standard of living and status of the customers, the company needs to offer the consumers with a healthier option that will be at par with their status (De Mooij 2013). Hence, it can be witnessed from the given value proposition that it matches suitably with the customer value criteria. Implementing the value proposition internally and externally Having a value proposition is not enough, the companies need to see to it that the value proposition is implemented and communicated well both within the organization with respect to the employees and outside which refers to the consumers. The value proposition of a company should be clearly defined and help in creating a cohesive company culture and provide the employees with a sense of purpose. There are a variety of methods available to implement value proposition in the company and some of them are: Team building- Internally, when a value proposition has been set out the company should see to it that the organization ensures various team building activities which will encourage the different employees to take the proposition offered quite seriously and work efficiently towards their successful delivery (Hair Jr and Lukas 2014). Improved processes- In order to deliver the value propositions like faster servicing to the consumers, the processes which create value like the preparation of food, pertaining to the food industry needs to be improved and made up-to-date with the latest trends. Training In order to insure that the value proposition is successfully delivered, the various employees can be provided with adequate training which shall ensure that they know their responsibilities well and they will be performing adequately according to the standards set and described for them (Hartley and Claycomb 2013). Seminars- The organization can also conduct various seminars and invite motivational speakers who will be giving advice to the different customers as to how the value proposition in an organization plays a key role in delivering the happiness to the consumers. Marketing collateral in marketing collateral, there exists a procedure whereby various brochures, flyers, promotional kits are sent to the employees and consumers alike whereby the value proposition of the organization is clearly stated. Marketing collateral goes a long way in helping the employees to define and articulate the value proposition of the various offerings of the company. Along with being a learning prospect for the employees, the print media related to the marketing collateral also goes well with the millennial and various other customers. The above suggested methods are certain ways in which the organization can implement the set value proposition. From the above, the company can use method like Team Building, refined processes, training and seminars to improve the value proposition n with respect to the internal environment (Kotler 2015). Whereas for the presence of customers in the external environment of that business the company can use the technique of Marketing collateral which shall go a long way convincing the consumers that the organization is capable of delivering what is desired by the customers. Apart from this one major component to implement the value proposition is to ensure that all the planning ends on a successful note and the various steps to ensure the delivery of proposition are carried out properly (Babin and Zikmund 2015). By just mere advertising and a lack of action will make the customers lose interest in the company and therefore it is suggest that the company carries out all necessary steps well to ensure that the customer is satisfied. Conclusion Therefore from the given analysis it can be stated that value proposition forms an essential part of the organizations core offerings. Without the proper implementation of the core proposition and organization may not be successful in fulfilling the desires of the customers. The given report briefly highlighted the Value proposition and relevant aspects about the chosen company Mc Donalds. Further it discussed the value proposition offered b the company`s competitor Burger King. The following section has suggested a sample value proposition for an organization which is followed by the methods to implement the given value proposition. Hence, it could be understood that action is equally important to the statements and the organization should always go beyond consumer expectations. References Andreson, J.C., Narus, A.J. and van Rossum, W., 2006. Customer Value Propositions in Business Markets. Harvard Business Review. March, pp.91-99 Ardley, B.,2006. Telling Stories about Strategies:A Narratological Approach to Marketing Planning The Marketing Review, 6, 197-209 Westburn Publishers Ltd Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M. and Brennan, R., 2015.Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education. Babin, B.J. and Zikmund, W.G., 2015.Exploring marketing research. Cengage Learning. Baker, M.J. and Saren, M. eds., 2016.Marketing theory: a student text. Sage. BURGER KING. ,2018.BURGER KING. [online] Available at: https://www.bk.com/ [Accessed 10 Mar. 2018]. Coombes, P.H. and Nicholson, J.D., 2013. Business models and their relationship with marketing: A systematic literature review.Industrial Marketing Management,42(5), pp.656-664. Czinkota, M.R. and Ronkainen, I.A., 2013.International marketing. Cengage Learning. De Mooij, M., 2013.Global marketing and advertising: Understanding cultural paradoxes. Sage Publications. Gronroos, C., 2016. Service Management and Marketing: Managing the Service Profit Logic. John Wiley Sons. Gummerus, J., 2013. Value creation processes and value outcomes in marketing theory: strangers or siblings?.Marketing Theory,13(1), pp.19-46. Hair Jr, J.F. and Lukas, B., 2014.Marketing research(Vol. 2). McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Hartley, R.F. and Claycomb, C., 2013.Marketing mistakes and successes. Wiley. Johnson, M.W., Christensen, C.M. and Kagermann, H., 2008. Reinventing your Business Model. Harvard Business Review. (December), pp.51- 59. Kiel, I.H., 2014. Entrepreneurial marketing. Kim, W.C. and Mauborgne, R., 2004. Blue Ocean Strategy. Harvard Business Review. October, pp.76-84 Kotler, P., 2015. Framework for marketing management. Pearson Education India. Martelo Landroguez, S., Barroso Castro, C. and Cepeda-Carrin, G., 2013. Developing an integrated vision of customer value.Journal of Services Marketing,27(3), pp.234-244. Grnroos, C. and Voima, P., 2013. Critical service logic: making sense of value creation and co-creation.Journal of the academy of marketing science,41(2), pp.133-150. McDaniel, C. and Gates, R., 2013.Marketing research. Singapore. McDonagh, P. and Prothero, A., 2014. Sustainability marketing research: Past, present and future.Journal of Marketing Management,30(11-12), pp.1186-1219. Mcdonalds.com. ,2018.McDonald's Menu Info | McDonald's UK. [online] Available at: https://www.mcdonalds.com [Accessed 10 Mar. 2018]. Osterwalder, A., Pigneur, Y., Bernarda, G. and Smith, A., 2014.Value proposition design: How to create products and services customers want. John Wiley Sons. Wilson, A., Zeithaml, V., Bitner, M.J. and Gremler, D., 2016.Services marketing: Integrating customer focus across the firm. McGraw Hill.

The economics of rising the retirement age

The latest demographic complexities as well as reduced returns from investments are posing a major threat to keeping employees who have reached their retirement age longer at their jobs. This realization has hit major first world governments.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The economics of rising the retirement age specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These governments have reacted swiftly and are proposing to increase the retirement age. Ironically, the retirement age is currently at 63, which is one year lower that the 1970s. This means that the governments see the need to raise age of retirement as the best means to keep the cost of pension affordable. The increase of retirement age may not be such a problem to countries struggling with an aging work force provided the countries balance the supply of the work force with the rate of retirement. However, this may be a problem because latest statistics indicate that life expectancy and fertility rates are declining. Therefore, the said governments are facing the challenge of having an increasing population but which has a reduction in fertility and productivity. The economies of these countries are therefore less productive than they should. There are advantages though of rising the retirement age of employees in these countries. Governments get to benefit on two ways. Firstly, these employees add to the government revenue in form of taxes. Secondly, and as mentioned earlier the governments get to keep their pension bill down. While people argue that working for longer increases the countries productivity, economists have raised the concern at the quality of their production by such an old aged work fore. The agreement is build on he fact that older people cannot be expected to be optimally productive at demanding jobs. Actually this amounts to paying a significant percent6age of employees to do nothing that is of value to the economy (Thomas para 1-6).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The debate to increase the retiremen6 age began in the early 1980s in developed counties especially USA. The idea was informed by the fact that citizens were living longer than expected. To keep theme economically productive the countries proposed the increase in retirement age. Suffice to say that the experience of age is also another factor that makes the aging population marketable at the job place. However there was a worry about the rising cost of pension (Schulz 164). While the argument was met by a quick response that the cost would be met by encouraging some of the employees to retire early, the argument does have various shortcomings. The argument does not consider those employees who retire involuntarily especially due to such factors as poor health, unproductivity or even retrenchment. This argument does not answer the qu estion whether an older workforce will be able to meet the productivity demands. Rising the retirement age is purposed at ensuring the retired population becomes self sustaining; that they will have something to0 live on in their sun set year. While it is vital to focus on the aging population and make it self sufficient, countries risk several things. To begin with countries raising the retirement age risk overburdening the young working population. This is happens in two ways; reducing the number of jobs available and using more of their taxes top pay of their older and aging working colleagues. Several government have notice these risk and have also opted to focus on the young population. Several pension schemes are used in a number of countries. They range from automatic enrollment into saving schemes.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The economics of rising the retirement age specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These mean that a citizen is automatically enrolled into the pension scheme upon attainment of a certain age. Some other countries opt for compulsory enrollment, and use a tax incentive to motivate the younger working population to save fro their old age. Record show that when the young have earned a tidy sum they may either spend it recklessly upon retirement (Morgenstern paea 1-4). This proves that the government should not merely focus on making the young ones save for their old. The savers attitude and knowledge upon retirement is crucial. Governments should focus a little more attention to educating the people on how to manage their pension upon retirement. Thus the success of a sustainable pension scheme is not just the government’s efforts to save but also how the people manage their retirement benefits. For instance saving for life and then only to use pension to pay for debt accumulated over the period of ones life is not economically sensible. Those in support of t he efforts to raise the age of retirement assert that it will boast and stabilize the social security of a country. This will be achieved through stabilizing the pension industry as fewer employees will be pensionable in the foreseeable future. Furthermore, a reduced pensions bill will reduce the raising national budget deficit created by t ever increasing need to take cater of the aged population in a country. Raising the retirement age is also seen as one of the options of for reducing national budget deficits (Mckinnon , Boles And Vaughan Para 9). This is usually a valid reason at face value. It prep supposes that no one wants to retire and that all professions will be bound by this rule. However a clearer look at the situation presents a more complicated picture. Stability of the pension industry is just a future dream. This is because the changing demographic dynamic makes it impossible to have an accurate estimation on pension needs in the years to come.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Furthermore it is also difficult to estimate on average when the current generation of retiring employees will die. Such complexities present glaring hard truths about the uncertainties of the future especially for the aging population. The idea of rising the retirement age has been mooted by those who think that it is an effort to provide money for retirees to spend. This is hoped to ramie the spending level of the entire nation and as such will provide enough business for the younger generation. (Altmann para 6). Furtyrmore efforts to estend the working life is seen as a way of retaining essential profession skills necessary for economic development (para 8). This therefore implies that the baby boomers are the key pillar for economic growth and sustenance. Will be able to be of economic benefit both to the economy as well as to themselves. Te assumption is this case is that all retirees will be wise spenders of their retirement benefits. Furthermore this argument also assumes tha t allowing the elderly to continue working does have an overall positive effect on the economy. As in deed mentioned earlier, the argument also asserts that the aging population can actually be able to maintain economically productive levels. By not letting the baby boomer not to work the economies will be negatively affected. While there have been plan set to let this group of people to work on part time basis, the over emphasis on allowing them to work is not the key to supplementing the inadequate governments pension schemes. Critics of this theory argue that what modern economies need is a young and vibrant worker who van understand the dynamic needs of the modern day job. Furthermore, the number of unemployed people aged 55 and over is alarmingly high. Therefore increasing the retirement age simply has a negative impact on the economy. This is due to the fat that it raises the unemployment are as well as makes longer the year that this people spends looking for a job (Geewax pa ra 3-7). This in effect raises poverty levels especially in this group of citizen. Furthermore it increases the number of years that the spend without being able to access social welfare benefits for retirees. This has an effect on the poverty index too. The age at which people retire is a complicated matter. This is because it has a direct effect on the economic set up of that country. Governments need to reign in and control the raising pension bills, which are resulting to national budget deficits. Various ideas have been put forward to reign in on the increased level of national budget deficits. Rising the retirement age is one of them this view sees a job as more that just a means to earn a decent salary. For these brand of economists, having a job is necessary toward national and economic development. However as debate continue of the need to raise the age of retirement, government pensions schemes continue to feel the pinch of an increasingly aging population Works Cited Altm ann, R. â€Å"Scrapping the default retirement age will benefit the economy.† The Guardian. 2010. Web. Geewax, M. â€Å"Raising The Retirement Age: Can It Balance Budgets?† npr. 2011. Web. Mckinnon, J., Boles, C. And Martin V. â€Å"Deficit Panel’s Leaders Push Cuts.† Wall street journal. 2010. Web. Morgenstern, M. â€Å"A special report on pensions: A nudge and a wink†. The Economist. 2011. Web. Thomas D. â€Å"Pensions: 70 or bust!† The Economist. 2011. Web. Schulz, J. The Economics of Aging. West Port, CT: Auburn House. 2001. Print This essay on The economics of rising the retirement age was written and submitted by user Felix Ramos to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Lenticular Galaxies Are Quiet, Dusty Stellar Cities

Lenticular Galaxies Are Quiet, Dusty Stellar Cities There are many types of galaxies out there in the universe. Astronomers tend to classify them first by their shapes: spiral, elliptical, lenticular, and irregular.  We live in a spiral galaxy, and we can see others from our vantage point on Earth. A survey of galaxies in clusters such as the Virgo cluster shows an amazing array of different shapes of galaxies. The big questions that astronomers who study these objects ask is: how do they form and what is in their evolution that influences their shapes? A dusty spiral galaxy as seen by NASAs Hubble Space Telescope. NASA, ESA, and D. Maoz (Tel-Aviv University and Columbia University) Lenticular galaxies are rather poorly-understood members of the galaxy zoo. They are similar in some ways to both spiral galaxies and elliptical galaxies  but are really thought to be a sort of transitional galactic form.   For instance, lenticular galaxies appear to be like a  fading spiral galaxy. However, some of their other characteristics, like their composition, are more in line with elliptical galaxies. So, its very possible that they are their own, unique galaxy type.   Galaxy NGC 5010 is a lenticular galaxy which has features of both spirals and ellipticals. NASA/ESA/STScI Structure of Lenticular Galaxies Lenticular galaxies generally have flat, disk-like shapes. However, unlike spiral galaxies, they lack the distinctive arms that usually wrap themselves around the central bulge. (Though, like both spiral and elliptical galaxies, they can have a bar structure passing through their cores.) For this reason, lenticular galaxies can be difficult to tell apart from elliptical ones if they are viewed face-on. Its only when at least a small part of the edge is apparent can astronomers tell that a lenticular is distinguishable from other spirals. Even though a  lenticular does have a central bulge similar to that of spiral galaxies, it can be much larger. Judging by the  stars and gas content of a lenticular galaxy, it is far more similar to an elliptical galaxy. Thats because both types have  mostly old, red stars with very few hot blue stars. This is an indication that star formation has slowed significantly, or is non-existent in both lenticulars and ellipticals. Lenticulars usually have more dust content than ellipticals, however. Lenticular Galaxies and the Hubble Sequence In the  20th century,  astronomer  Edwin Hubble  set about trying to understand how galaxies form and evolve.  He created what is known as the Hubble Sequence - or graphically,  the Hubble Tuning For diagram, which placed galaxies on a sort of tuning-fork shape based on their shapes. He imagined that galaxies began as ellipticals, perfectly circular or nearly so. Then, over time, he thought their rotation would cause them to flatten out. Eventually, this would lead to the creation of spiral galaxies (one arm of the tuning fork) or barred Spiral galaxies (the other arm of the tuning fork). Lenticular galaxies are likely a transiition between elliptical and spiral on the standard Hubble tuning fork diagram that classifies galaxies by their shapes.   NASA At the transition, where the three arms of the tuning fork would meet, there were the lenticular galaxies; not quite ellipticals not quite spirals or barred Spirals. Officially, they are classified as S0 galaxies on the Hubble Sequence.  It turned out that Hubbles original sequence didnt quite match the data we have about galaxies today, but the diagram is still very useful in  classifying galaxies by their shapes. Formation of Lenticular Galaxies Hubbles groundbreaking work on galaxies may have influenced at least one of the formation theories of lenticulars.  Essentially, he proposed that lenticular galaxies evolved out of elliptical galaxies as a transition to a spiral (or barred spiral) galaxy, but one current theory suggests that it could be the other way around. Since lenticular galaxies have disk-like shapes with central bulges but have no distinctive arms, it is possible that they are simply old, faded spiral galaxies. The presence of a lot of dust, but not a lot of gas suggests that they are old, which would seem to confirm this suspicion. But there is one significant problem: lenticular galaxies are, on average, much brighter than spiral galaxies. If they were truly faded spiral galaxies, you would expect them to be dimmer, not brighter. So, as an alternative, some astronomers now suggest that lenticular galaxies are the result of mergers between two old, spiral galaxies. This would explain the disk structure and the lack of free gas. Also, with the combined mass of two galaxies, the higher surface brightness would be explained. This theory still needs some work to solve some issues. For example, computer simulations based on observations of galaxies throughout their lives suggest that the rotational motions of the galaxies would be similar to those of normal spiral galaxies. However, that is generally not what is observed in lenticular galaxies. So, astronomers are working to understand why there is a difference in rotational motions between types of galaxies. That finding actually lends support to the fading spiral theory. So, the current understanding of lenticulars is still a work in progress. As astronomers observe more of these galaxies, the additional data will help solve the questions about where they lie in the hierarchy of galaxy forms. Key Takeaways about Lenticulars Lenticular galaxies are a distinct shape that seems to be somewhere between spiral and elliptical.Most lenticulars have central bulges and seem to have differences in their rotational actions from other galaxies.Lenticulars could be forming when spiral galaxies merge. That action would form the disks seen in lenticulars and also the central bulges. Sources â€Å"How to Make Lenticular Galaxies.†Ã‚  Nature News, Nature Publishing Group, 27 Aug. 2017, www.nature.com/articles/d41586-017-02855-1.Informationeso.org. â€Å"The Hubble Tuning Fork - Classification of Galaxies.†Ã‚  Www.spacetelescope.org, www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic9902o/.Lenticular Galaxies and Their Environments. The Astrophysical Journal, 2009, Vol 702, No. 2, http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-637X/702/2/1502/meta Edited by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Change Model to Expand the Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Change Model to Expand the Business - Essay Example This paper illustrates that in business expansion, the change process plays an essential role to evaluate present performances and future possibilities. Apart from this, planning plays a very valuable role during the change process. An appropriate change model is required to be implemented with the intention of ensuring that the expansion process is conducted successfully. Subsequently, the success of the change model is dependent on various factors that include communication of the urgency of change, type of change needed and effective communication of change plan. In this context, planning and implementation process are required to be managed successfully in order to enhance probability margin of success. In the present scenario, globalization and advanced technology are the prime factors accountable for business expansion in different overseas market segments. The organization in order to enter the Chinese market segments and conduct business operations successfully is required to ensure that business operations are performed in accordance with the preferences as well as the behavior of customers. The market segments of China are developing rapidly with consumers mostly preferring for local branded products and/or services. In this context, the Chinese consumers are identified to have minimum needs or preferences for foreign products and/or services. Thus, it can be evidently asserted that in order to establish a business relation in a Chinese market, the organization is required to adopt effective change model to ensure that business operations are conducted on the basis of market demands.